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National Debt And Debt Of The Federal Government - 1835 Words

National debt, the accumulated debt of the federal government, has always been a major political issue for the government. The United States has always been in debt, in fact, we started out in debt. In 1977, The Continental Congress needed to borrow money to continue the Revolutionary War. As the years went by, and more presidents took office, the national debt increased. As of September 1, 2016, the United States national debt was listed to be $19.5 trillion. With all the national debt, the government must find a way to use it. This is where deficit spending, the use of borrowed funds to finance government expenditures that exceed tax revenues, comes in. Although national debt has a lot of disadvantages, there are also many advantages. National debt gives countries the opportunity to receive extra funds to invest in economic growth, and it’s a safe way for foreigners to invest in a countries growth by buying government bonds. National debt allows the government to fight against contingencies, and also allows the government to build new roads and bridges, improve education, job training, and provide pensions. This spurs citizens to spend more instead of saving for retirement, further boosting economic growth. National debt can also help cope with depression. Disadvantages of national debt include the fact that governments tend to take on too much debt, and it will interfere with economic conditions. Fighting against contingencies, such as tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakesShow MoreRelatedU.s National Debt And History1304 Words   |  6 PagesUS national debt and history The national debt of US is the amount owed by the federal government. In the past decade, $12.7 trillion have been added to the US national debt and at the end of fiscal year of 2016, the amount is expected to be approximately $22.4 trillion including federal, state and local. Debt per citizen will be over $63.000 and debt per taxpayer is about $163.000. The largest budget is medical care which is about $1.5 trillion and mostly introduced by Obama’s administration andRead MoreHow Big Is The National Debt And Describe Its History?905 Words   |  4 PagesUS national debt and describe its history? There seems to be a surge in national debt during the GW Bush and Obama administrations. Why is that? What are the consequences of a large national debt? Is it going to hamper the economic growth as some have claimed? Is it possible for US to default on its debt in future? Explain. Why the Nobel winning economist Paul Krugman is not as alarmed as many others are with respect to the high level of US national debt? Describe how big US national debt is andRead MoreThe Federal Budget Deficit And National Debt870 Words   |  4 Pages The Federal Budget Deficit and National Debt Basically, what the federal budget deficit is a shortage of funds that are available for the government, where more money is being spent than what the government receives. But, national is where the government borrows money through various ways. The data for national debt and federal budget deficit from the year 2001-2013 is given in the chart above. As we can see in the graph, the deficit is still remains in our economy even though there hadRead MoreThe National Government Of A Country Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Government of a country consists of various characteristics, procedures, positions, and beliefs, that create a great comparison to such traits of a complex business. Whether it s developing a nation s annual budget, analyzing deficits or surpluses, accumulating government liabilities, or outsourcing to investors, the governments of all dominate nations have and will continue to run like any other successful business. In the case of a country, the economic, societal, foreign, militaryRead MoreThe Federal Debt Of The United States Of America1543 Words   |  7 PagesThe Notorious Federal Debt of The United States of America Alexander Hamilton was the first individual who introduced the national debt to the U.S. believing that having a debt would be a national blessing. As decades and centuries past by the federal debt continued to grow which led economist’s believing that deficit spending is an important factor. Another contributor to this national debit is also the federal budget the President and congress go over every year, which includes an acceleratedRead MoreThe United States National Debt Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesOn the Sixth Avenue in Manhattan, there is a national debt clock that shows the amount of United States national debt. The clock was first installed in 1989, and can show up to ten trillion dollars. It ran out of digits in October 2008 when the sum of debt exceeded the amount. A new clock with two extra digits is going to be installed (Izzo 2 ). We hear about the debt almost every day: news talks about it, politicians argue about it, even President Obama gives speeches on it. So what is the significanceRead MoreThe National Government Of A Country Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe National Government of a country can be immensely compared to a complex business. Whether it s developing a nation s annual budget, analyzing deficits or surpluses, accumulating government liabilities, or outsourcing to investors, the governments of all nations have and will continue to run like any other successful business. In the case of a country, the economic, societal, foreign, military, and national strengths, are relying on the influence of a business mentality throughout the nations’Read MoreThe U.s. National Debt1650 Words   |  7 PagesU.S. national debt is very large at more than three-quarters the size of the economy—and growing federal spending, especially on entitlements, is quickly driving the debt to damaging lev els. Federal spending was about 23 percent of the GDP in 2012—far above the historical average of 20.2 percent. It is projected to surge to nearly 36 percent in less than one generation. The government debt must be limited in some way or else our economy will face devastating consequences. The government debt has hadRead MoreAnalysis Of The Federal Budget Deficit And The National Debt1642 Words   |  7 PagesANALYSIS OF THE FEDERAL BUDGET DEFICIT AND THE NATIONAL DEBT Morgan Sibley The Federal budget deficit is the amount of spending by the Federal government that is in excess of how much money the government brings in annually. While the Federal budget deficit has steadily decreased overall during the past fifteen years, our Federal debt continues to grow at a drastic rate. A review of how the Federal deficit has evolved over the past fifteen years, the rate of growth of the Federal debt during thatRead MoreFederal Deficit And The National Debt1661 Words   |  7 Pagesyears of the federal deficit and the national debt, as well as examination their relationship. This paper also looks at how the deficit is created and dealt with, along with what happens to different areas of the economy when the deficit’s size changes. Lastly this paper covers who owns the national debt, how these people are paid off, and the interest rate of the debt. Federal Budget Deficit with a sprinkle if National Debt (1, 2, 3) The federal budget deficit and the national debt are two different

A Day Without Latinos Free Essays

Nine percent of Utah’s population is Latino or Hispanic.   And, at least thirty percent of the households of Utah have a Latino or Hispanic individual present, regardless of whether the immigrant is living as a relative or working as a maid in the household (Overview, 2004).   Indeed, the Latinos are very hard working people. We will write a custom essay sample on A Day Without Latinos or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are studying with other racial groups in schools and colleges, and although many of them feel that they are discriminated against, they have already proved themselves to be â€Å"a growing and developing economic power base† (Warner, 2004).   This means that the Latinos are rather important to the economy of Utah today. They are especially represented in the service industry.   Hotels, restaurants, the agricultural industry, construction and reconstruction – a variety of businesses are using the help of Latinos.   What is more, Latinos are paid less than the other workers are on average.   For every 72 cents given to a Latino for his or her work, a person from another racial group gets a dollar (Media). Now if all Latinos were to leave Utah for a day, the economy would most definitely slow down and experience loss.   There would be countless absentees in the workplace, school attendance would fall, and those that discriminate against the Latinos would breathe a sigh of relief.   Still, the economy would bear the brunt of the departure of the Latinos. In order to produce the goods and provide the services that the Latinos were previously helping businesses to produce and to provide, businesses would have to hire for a day workers that would charge more than the Latinos do.   Budgets would have to be changed, as businesses face a rise in their expenditures. Moreover, businesses might decide to cut the supply of their products because of the increase in expenditures.   It may also be that businesses would not find replacements for the Latinos through the day.   Hence, businesses would have to slow down if not close down for the day.   In the long run, the economy of Utah would be seen to have been affected by the departure of the Latinos for a day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Utah, like all other states of America, thrives on diversity.   As a matter of fact, there is no state in America where diversity does not hold a very special place in the societal structure. People who are living with the Latinos, and those that study with young Latinos in schools and colleges would testify that Latinos do add value to their particular groups. When Latino maids in the home have to leave for a day, the mothers of the children for whom they had hired Latino maids, would also have to leave their workplaces in order to care for their children without maids.   This, too, would have an affect on the economy.   What is more, the value that Latinos add as family members is known only to the members of the households that Latinos occupy. A Latino wife or husband leaving home for a day might turn out to be a problem for the spouse.   And, when the effects of the losses are accumulated taking into consideration the entire society, it may become obvious that Latinos are indeed an interwoven part of the societal fabric that cannot be torn apart without negative consequences. Those that discriminate against the Latinos of Utah might breathe a sigh of relief in the absence of the Latinos.   Still, when the effects on the economy are brought into full view, the people that discriminated against the Latinos would also be seen to have been affected by the loss. Latinos are today akin to an engine in a factory that cannot be done away with although there are many other engines in the same factory performing the same kinds of tasks in a different way.   Seeing that the first engine is present is evidence enough that the engine is important to the factory.   Similarly, Utah cannot imagine itself without Latinos at present. This racial group has become an indispensable part of the lives of people who occupy Utah, in addition to their livelihood.   Gladys Gonzales, the editor and publisher of Mundo Hispano, explains this indispensability thus: â€Å"We are bringing synergy to this state†¦ We are hard workers with an entrepreneurial spirit.   We want to contribute positively to this state and this country† (Warner). It is this positive attitude that has allowed the Latinos to be fairly successful in Utah, despite the problems that they might face in their personal or public lives.   Furthermore, the Latinos are expected to continue adding value to the society and the economy of the state.   Indeed, if the Latinos were to leave Utah for a day, they will be missed by their friends, employers, and customers in Utah. Even those that were displeased with the presence of the Latinos in Utah would face a loss as their favorite restaurants are closed down, and their businesses face an increase in expenditures.   Perhaps for such people, a day without Latinos would serve as a wake up call.   The Latinos would be anxiously awaited back in Utah. References Media Contacts. â€Å"U of U Researcher Reports Latino Immigrants’ Experience in Utah to be Mixed.† University of Utah. Retrieved from http://www.utah.edu/unews/releases/05/jun/immigrants.html. (4 April 2007). Overview of Utah’s Hispanic/Latino Demographics. (2004). State Office of Ethnic Affairs. Retrieved from http://ethnicoffice.utah.gov/public_policy_and_research/documents/oea.his.lat.0505.pdf. (4 April 2007). Warner, Laura. (2004, March 27). â€Å"Bias exists, but Utah Latinos optimistic.† Deseret Morning News. Retrieved from http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,595052024,00.html. (4 April 2007). How to cite A Day Without Latinos, Papers

Central Bank Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy free essay sample

Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 5 Internship Report 1. Introduction The Central bank of any country plays a vital role in the economy of that country. It plays a major role by being Government’s bank and helps Government in smooth running of economic affairs by maintaining the price stability in the system. Historically, the role of the Central bank was to print money, hold foreign reserves, formulate monetary policy and act as Lender of Last Resort (LOLR). The beginning of the 1990’s marked the new era in the history of central banks’ roles, when Reserve Bank of New Zealand was granted the clear objective of maintaining the price level stability in the economy with operational independence to achieve this objective. Soon Bank of Australia, England and Canada were granted the same autonomy. But this only objective was confined with central banks of developed countries, whereas central banks in developing countries are performing another role and that is to support growth in the economy. Developing nations’ central banks have since then have shifted their focus in order to achieve these goals. Historical data of Inflation and GDP growth of developing nations suggest that these both goals have not been achieved, if achieved then their sustainability remains short. This may be due to some missing factors like Central Bank’ Independence and autonomy whether in goal setting or in ways through which it achieves its goals. Thus the objective of the study is to find out whether SBP, in its completion of goals is independent or not? And is there any relationship between CBI, macroeconomic variables and effective implementation of monetary policy. Section 1 covers literature review, section 2 of this paper covers definition of CBI, section 3 of the paper explains how CBI is measured; section 4 shows relationship between CBI and economic performance and section 5 concludes the report’s main points. Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 6 Internship Report 2. Literature review Cukierman, Alex, (2005) in his paper Central Bank Independence and Policy Results: Theory and Evidence has put great emphasis on the high level of Central Bank Independence (CBI) and argues that it is the desirable feature of any monetary policy making institute. He states that the most important responsibility of the Central Bank (CB) is to assure price and financial stability and to achieve its main objective the bank should have (a) Instrument independence, (b) bank should not lend to government, (c) bank should have sufficient financial independence and (d) bank’s high officials shall hold posts for longer tenures and they should not work anywhere else in order to avoid conflict of interest. Author further goes on to explain existing relationship between CBI and economic performance in the areas of Inflation, growth, investment and real rates in his paper. Walsh E. Carl, (2005) in Central bank independence prepared for the New Palgrave Dictionary defines CBI as â€Å"the freedom of monetary policymakers from direct political or governmental influence in the conduct of policy†. Carl in the later part of the paper states that many developed countries after 1980’s have granted greater independence to their monetary authorities and these reforms have shown negative correlation between CBI and stable and low inflation rate. In the case of developing countries, he says that there exist positive relationship between CB Governors’ turnover rate and inflation. Paper highlights that critics of the reform movements towards central bank independence have expressed concerns that independence can weaken the accountability of central banks and they should be supervised in their goal setting and implementation process. Alpanda et al. , (2009) in Political monetary cycles and a de facto ranking of central bank independence state that political monetary cycles are less likely to occur, in countries with independent central banks. CB, if independent can resist political pressure exerted to stimulate the economy before elections in the form of increased government spending or tax cuts. Writers further argue that money growth is larger among countries having low CBI in election periods vs. non election periods. Two variables were used to identify occurrence of political monetary cycles i-e M1 and election dates of the national leaders. Alpanda et al. , have ignored the borrowing capacity of government as high capacity of borrowing would Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 7 Internship Report lead to lesser need for distortion in monetary policy. Rankings are therefore derived from the behavior of central banks during election cycles when their independence is likely to be challenged or their lack of independence is likely to be revealed. Siklos L. Pierre, (2008) in â€Å"Does central bank’s independence still matters? † says that the term â€Å"independence† defines the position a monetary authority has in the state of affairs. Author states that CBI has been loosely defined to meet the needs of countries such as turnover rate (TOR) and on other side it has been defined as set of characteristics that are legally defined and show relationship between government and CB. Author argues that CBI is not measured as a single index but is set of dejure and defacto characteristics and of those the optimal level cannot be found. Four elements of each characteristic are selected to convey negative relationship between CBI and inflation. Jeroen et al. , (2009) in their paper â€Å"Inflation and central bank independence: A metaregression analysis† elaborate that many countries granted their monetary authorities greater independence. According to authors, to identify whether there is any relationship between CBI and inflation, one needs an indicator of the extent to which the monetary authorities are independent from politicians. Most empirical studies use either an indicator based on central banks’ laws in place or TOR. Authors suggest that countries with a more independent central bank will, on average, have lower levels of inflation. Billin, (2001) in â€Å"Central bank independence and economic performance in Eastern Europe† writes that both the measures of CBI and of financial market development (FMD) show significant association with macroeconomic variables. Next section of his paper examines both the trends and the economic performance in eight Eastern European countries and the degree of CBI granted after reforms. The author argues that both CBI and FMD may facilitate market reforms by helping to enforce fiscal and financial discipline. Author’s empirical inquiry via correlation analysis suggests positive association of both CBI and FMD with price stability. Jose De Gregorio in his presentation on Central Bank Independence and the Effects of Monetary Policy (2005) says that legal CBI is negatively correlated with inflation in Eastern European and Latin American countries. Furthermore, he goes on to say that legal Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 8 Internship Report independence is precondition to gain credibility in countries where inflation records are poor for independent functioning of the CB. He concludes on the point that narrow pass through of exchange rate to import prices and macro economic performance is positively linked to CBI. Jacome et al. , in their paper â€Å"Any Link Between Legal Central Bank Independence and Inflation† Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean† (2005) have tried to find out negative relationship between legal CBI and inflation. They have used different measures of legal CBI like the rules for the appointment of central banks’ board of directors, the degree of CBI in the conduct of exchange rate policy, rules governing Lender-of-Last-Resort (LOLR) facilities and legal requirements on accountability and transparency and the results show negative relationship between legal CBI and inflation after controlling for international inflation, banking crises, and exchange regimes in the sampled countries. Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 9 Internship Report 3. Defining Central Bank Independence Defining the concept of Central Bank’s Independence (CBI) is a tricky job. It seems to be an unambiguously defined concept now, because we as authors end up defining our own understanding of it. Large amount of work has been done to argue that high CBI is directly related to the long term economic performance. The primitive work on the definition of CBI was done in 1824 by David Ricardo who emphasized on issuance of the currency by Commission elected by government and communication hindrances between them on the issue of lending currency to the state. The advocates of the high CBI throughout the world are found to be on the common grounds i-e they all agree to it that if central bank is not independent politicians can abuse the power of printing money and this is how they can distort the inflation and output level in the economy in order to earn political gains, whereas central bank is seen as playing role in the best interest of the society. It is also considered that there may be no single and right definition of CBI, but in general it is defined within two factors/aspects of the independence; Independence of objectives and Independence of instruments. Independence of objectives refers to the autonomy central bank has in setting its own goals whether that can be of inflation targets, money supply, exchange rate management or others. Independence of instruments refers to how much central bank has independence in determining the best possible ways to achieve its policy goals. This bifurcation is widely accepted by Fraser (1994), Briault et al. , (1996), Amtenbrink et al. , (1998) and Debelle (1995). Siklos, (2008) argues that the definition of CBI has not been defined narrowly. Some measure it in the turnover rate of governors (see Dreher et al. 2007)) while others state that it the existing set of characteristics that defines relationship between the government and the central bank. The bottom line is that economists are still trying to precisely define CBI and its significance for achievement of the required targets set by government or central bank. Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 10 I nternship Report 3. 1 Measuring CBI In order to gauge the independence of CB, following criteria have been selected: ? Appointment of the CB Governor: As per literature review, appointment of the governor comes under legal independence of CB.

Coca-Cola Bottle Object Analysis Essay Example

Coca-Cola Bottle: Object Analysis Paper Coca-Cola Bottle: Object Analysis The Coca-Cola logo is a very recognisable logo, when people think of the colours red and white they instantly think of Coca-Cola. It is famous world round. This month it will be celebrating its 125 year anniversary. Therefore, I thought Coca-Cola would be a good contemporary piece of text from packaging to examine. There were different size bottles, in different shapes made out of plastic and glass and also coke cans are available too. I picked the Coca-Cola plastic bottle and I will conduct an object analysis of the bottle, I will research the typeface used on the logo and the other typefaces used on the bottle. I will look at previous typefaces used by the brand and the history behind the typeface and the influence the typeface has. The Coca-Cola bottle is a clear bottle with a dark brown liquid in it, as you can see in fig. 1. When you shake it, it gets fizzy which means it is a fizzy drink. It has a red plastic band at the centre stuck on the bottle with writing on it, which gives information about the product. We will write a custom essay sample on Coca-Cola Bottle: Object Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Coca-Cola Bottle: Object Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Coca-Cola Bottle: Object Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The band can be easily removed. There is a red lid at the top of the bottle where it can be opened. It can be opened by using your hand to twist it and the lid comes off and can be closed by putting the lid back on. On the lid, it has the Coca-Cola logo and an arrow saying â€Å"open by hand†. On the red band at the front of the bottle is the Coca-Cola logo, it is in white script writing on a bright red background. At the back of the band it tells you the size which is 500ml, the ingredients, the nutrition information, the bar code and the logo again but this time is going vertical and is smaller. You can see this in fig. 5. and fig. 6. It size of the bottle is 24cm in height and the width is 6cm at the largest part. It is narrow at the top, it is 2cm. It has to be narrow so it can fit into a persons mouth to drink out of it. The bottle is round, it is a contour bottle and it can roll and it is out of strong plastic. The typeface used, known as Spencerian script, was developed in the mid 19th century and was the dominant form of formal handwriting in the United States during that period. (Logoblog. 2010) The Coca-Cola logo was first published in the late 19th century. The trademarked Coca Cola was a suggestion given by Coca Cola inventor John Pembertons bookkeeper Frank Robinson. Frank Robinson, the man who named the drink, provided the distinctive script (Pendergrast, 1993), Being a bookkeeper, Frank Robinson also had excellent penmanship. Cokes bookkeeper Frank Robinson was likely trained in business and penmanship at a Spencerian school.. (Power, 2010) It was he who first scripted Coca Cola into the flowing letters which has become the famous logo of today. Its called Spencerian script, after the man who invented it, Platt Spencer. Power, 2010) It became the world’s best known trademark and has appeared on all containers of Coca-Cola, beginning with the Hutchinson bottle around 1900. (Dean, 2010). The type at the back of the bottle is sans-serif and it is all in capital letters. It is all in white writing; it looks very similar to the Helvetica typeface. It is small but clear to read as the back has important information for the consumer . The Coca- Cola bottles has changed throughtout the years. Coca-Cola was sold in bottles for the first time on March 12, 1894. The original bottles were Biedenharn bottles. There have been countless variations in Coca-Cola packaging- before and after the introduction of the classic contour bottle in 1916. (Dean, 2010), The now famous Coca-Cola bottle, called the contour bottle within the company, but known to some as the hobble skirt bottle, was created by bottle designer Earl R. Dean. In 1915, the Coca-Cola Company launched a competition among its bottle suppliers to create a new bottle for the beverage that would distinguish it from other beverage bottles. a bottle which a person could recognize even if they felt it in the dark, and so shaped that, even if broken, a person could tell at a glance what it was. In 1970, Coca- Cola test marked the world’s first plastic beverage bottle for carbonated beverages. (Dean, 2010). Today, the contour Coca-Cola bottle is one of the most recognised packaging. The Coca-Cola logo, like the brand itself, is recognised world-wide. It is a classic design with white c urvy text on a bright red background. Something would be missing if an ad for Coca-Cola didn’t include the curvy Coca-cola typeface or the sharp, clean serifs. (Hutchinson, 1986) . The characteristic design with a white swirl and a curvy style gives the youth spirit. The white swirl beneath the fonts not only gives it a unique feature but also highlights its simplicity. The only two colours used in the Coca-Cola logo are red and white. When you think Coca-Cola the colour red accompanies your thought but when you think of the colour red, you don’t necessarily think of Coca-Cola. (Mokhonoana, 2009). The red and white coloured scheme in the Coca-Cola logo was kept simple and attracts the younger audience. The Coca-Cola logo is the same classic design today as it was since the late 19th century. Over the time it kept the same Spencerian typeface but changed the shades of red. Originally in the 1900s it was black writing on a white background. Coca-Cola was first served in 1886 and even then, the first official logo of Coca-Cola was not the script logo. It first appeared in the â€Å"Atlanta Journal Constitution† in 1886 as both a slab serif and chunky sans serif . It has been so successful other rival brands have tried copy them such as Pepsi. In respect to  competition,  colour is mainly used to differentiate a brand from its competitors rather than communicate. (Mokhonoana, 2009) Its competition Pepsi is always changing its logo. Between 1898- 1940 Pepsi was called Pepsi was called Pepsi-cola and it was logo looked very similar to coca-Cola. It was red and white and had the same script style. In 1962, Pepsi completely ignored the script and got a whole new identity. When Pepsi changed their packaging from red to blue in 1998 to distinguish their brand from their main competitor. A decade later and I doubt many people can remember that Pepsis packaging used to be predominantly red. (Wadsworth, 2009) The meaning behind the typography was too have a logo that was originally and distinctive and I think Coca-Cola has achieved in that. The Spencerian Script is a handwriting typeface so it is original and it is personal, the Coca-Cola logo is like a signature. Coca-Cola is for everyone at any age, people both young and old enjoy the fizzy drink. The Coca-Cola Company when advertising, has a primary target market of those who are 13-24, and a secondary market of 10-39.. Coca-Cola main objective is to supply everyone with their favourite drink and to satisfy the consumer needs and wants. In Conclusion, Coca-Cola is a simple, easily recognised logo and bottle. It is well established. Both Coca- Cola and Pepsi have their identity now. The Coca-Cola hasn’t had a major changes and I feel the typeface works very well for the company. I don’t feel the company needs to change its typeface, colours or bottle design any time soon. Reference List Coca-Cola Logo(2010), available: http://www. logoblog. org/coca_cola_logo. php/ [accessed 3rd May 2011}   Dean. N. L, (2010) The Man Behind the Bottle, Xlibris Corporation, United States of America. Hutchison, E (1986) Writing for Mass communication, Longman Mokhonoana, M. (2009) Can a brand really own a certain colour? 02/19, available: http://mokokoma. co. za/can-a-brand-really-own-a-certain-colour/ (accessed 4th May 2011) Pendergrast, M, (1993) For God, Country and Coca-Cola: The Unauthorized History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes it, Basic Books, New York Power, M (2010) Spencerian Script, available http://meganpower. blogspot. com/2010/09/spencerian-script. html [accessed 2nd May 2011] Wadsworth, C. (2009)Brand Colour How Important is It? 07/01, available: http://ezinearticles. com/? Brand-ColourHow-Important-is-It? id=2553876 (accessed 18 March 2011)

Election Campaign Financing Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Election Campaign Financing Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Election Campaign Financing Chris AlibaruhoBA 243 Topic Report When researching for this paper, I found that the general consensus showedthat special interest financing is a growing influence on the outcomes of elections inrespect to election campaign financing. As you will see I have identified the problemsand then proceed to discuss possible reforms with use of a pro and con method. The first of the main problems in the issue of campaign financing are theindependent expenditures. According to the Federal Election Committee (FEC), anindependent expenditure is an expenditure of money for communications expresslyadvocating the election or defeat of a clearly identified federal candidate which is notmade with the cooperation or consent of, or at the request or suggestion of, anycandidate or any of his or her agents or authorized committees.In other words, they are political expenditures or expenditures frequently made to payfor television and radio advertisements, press conferences, political rallies byindividual s, groups, or parties seeking to promote a specific message about issues orcandidates during an election season. These expenditures have the potential to affectthe outcome of the race because they imply which candidate is the best withoutdirectly telling voters which candidate to choose. Although they are independentbecause they are produced without consulting the candidate or his campaign, peoplecriticize them for having the same negative impact as direct contributions. This is whyindependent expenditures can be seen as a problem. The second area that needs to be tackled in the issue of campaign financing issoft money. Also referred to as nonfederal funds or sewer money, soft moneyrefers to campaign money raised and/or spent outside the limitations and prohibitionsof the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA). According to the FEC, soft moneyoften includes corporate and treasury funds as well as individual contributions inexcess of federal limits. These cannot be legally used in conn ection with federalelections (elections for the US Senate, US House of Representatives, presidency andvice presidency.) The first assumption of todays campaign finance laws is thatpeople, not organizations, are vulnerable to the potentially corrosive influence ofpolitical money. The second assumption is that state and local political parties andtheir grass roots activities are valuable features of our civil culture that the federalgovernment should not interfere with. This explains why most federal election lawsdo not cover contributions that support state and local nonfederal parties. Private money is raised by national parties to support state party organizationsand does not benefit specific people running for federal offices. Therefore, it is neitheruncommon or illegal for parties to raise as much as $1,000,000 from individuals andorganizations, some of which are banned from contributing directly to candidates.This is one of the many loopholes found in campaign financing. For exa mple, thefederal government is permitted only to regulate the way in which campaigns forfederal offices are financed. It is left up to the individual states and municipalities todetermine how campaigns for the state legislature, governor, and local public officesare to be financed and how state and local political parties are to be regulated. Here isthe loophole; national political parties can establish nonfederal accounts to supportstate and local political activities. These accounts are not regulated by federalcampaign finance laws because technically they have nothing to do with federalelections. Many soft money critics point out that candidates, contributors and otherspecial interests can technically obey the letter of the law, but by using soft moneyto get around the contribution and spending limits, they violate the spirit of thesame law. The last of the issues I shall be dealing with in my essay are the issues ofout-of-district distributions and out-of-state distributions. An out-of-state orout-of-district distribution is one of those terms that tries to capture a lot ofinformation in as few words as possible therefore omitting the important details aboutthe whole concept. After some research, it became apparent that out-of-districtcontributions refer to money donated to the House of Representatives and PACsresiding outside the district in which the candidate is running. There are 435 Housedistricts in the United States, therefore an out-of-district contribution refers to anycontribution made to a House candidate by a person living in any of the other 434districts. An out-of-state contribution refers to money donated to a candidate for theUnited States Senate by individuals and PACs residing outside the state in which thecandidate is running. Of course there

Healthcare Job Opportunities and Career Trends Research Paper

Healthcare Job Opportunities and Career Trends - Research Paper Example Personal Life vs. Professional Life Today’s employees are appreciating the value of free time. This trend will not auger well with the job description of many health care practitioners in the coming decade. This is based on the fact that many physicians and nurses work for many hours under quite stressful conditions. Monetary compensation is hereby taking the back seat while concern over labor hours takes precedence. There is a growing need for employees to strike a balance between personal life and work. Labor hours are decreasing as time goes by and this trend will accelerate over the next 10 years. There is also the willingness for people to take up jobs that involve a lot of travelling and adventure than routine practice. It is essential to appreciate that today’s employees are self driven and wish to have as much freedom and autonomy as possible which is not the case in the health care professions which are plagued by bureaucracy and routine (Nevidjon and Erickson, 2001). With autonomy one is able to express their views freely thereby offering more loyalty to work than the employer. Abuse towards Healthcare Professionals When considering the nursing profession, a lot of risks are associated with it. Hospitals are visited by many people some of whom their intensions are not known. Abuse of nurses and physicians has been on the rise over the past decade where they are insulted, spit on, punched and kicked by either patients or their relatives or visiting friends. Aggression and derogatory tone towards these professionals also form principal forms of emotional abuse. Studies over the past decade reveal that rise in these cases has much to do with lenient laws surrounding abuse of health care professionals in their line of duty. Health Care Legislation The... It is stated that human resource managers are facing one of the worst times in their management history today as they are forced to downsize so as to keep organizations afloat. Health care institutions are in dire shortage of nurses and physicians. This understaffing has resulted into the few available workers operating for long hours thereby becoming susceptible to making grave errors. However, some reprieve has dawned on the employment prospects in this sector considering the 2010 health care legislation. There is also the issue of declining morale among the staff coupled with stressful working conditions and ever diminishing incentives. It is with this realization that this part of the paper will analyze these trends well into the next decade. Staffing shortage is earmarked as one of the principal challenges that will face health care in the next 10 years. Nursing profession, for example, is widely a preserve for women. The employment trends indicate that women are now liberal and many opportunities are open for them to exploit e.g. engineering, accounting, self employment and many more. Low pay and prestige, harassment and abuse coupled with poor working conditions will lead to low staff morale thereby exaggerating the shortage situation. For one to secure a job in the nursing profession, some skills, character traits, and qualities are essential. In this paper the researcher presents an analysis of a candidate that attempts to link her personal characteristics with her suitability as a nurse.

Raising reading scores of lower achieving minority students at a Essay

Raising reading scores of lower achieving minority students at a Florida Middle School - Essay Example When you look at the test scores it is alarming to see that minorities, mainly Blacks and Hispanics, are scoring much lower than their white peers. This stigma is catastrophic for our Black and Hispanic children. As these students move on to middle school the test scores are even lower and these students continue to fall further behind. This situation does not have to be permanent it can be solved. It is not an overnight fix but it can be reformed. The achievement gap can be closed if an intense effort is made. This research will look at ways to close the achievement gap and raise the scores of the lower level readers in a Florida Middle School. This study will contribute to the field by imploring a mixed method design which will derive empirical data of a qualitative and quantitative nature on the effectiveness of a tutoring program to help close the achievement gap between minority students. ... .10 Definition of terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...11 Chapter 2: Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....13 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 Evaluation Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Approach to Literacy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦..15 Middle School Reading Problem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.15 Achievement Gap†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...22 Achievement Gap Versus Adequate Yearly Gap†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.27 What Educators Can do to Help Close the Gap†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...27 Proven Reading Strategies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦30 Corrective Reading Program†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...36 Effectiveness of Middle School Reading Tutorial Program s†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...40 Chapter 3: Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........43 Methodologies Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..43 Participants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦43 Instruments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...44 Research Questions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.44 Anticipated Outcomes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..44 Research

The Struggle For Indigenous Rights In Latin America Research Paper

The Struggle For Indigenous Rights In Latin America - Research Paper Example Racial discrimination and ethnicity have hindered acquisition of well-paying jobs for the indigenous Latin Americans. In this regard, some indigenous residents have migrated to urban areas in the quest for better living standards (Kay 450). Unfortunately, the people who migrate to urban areas secure poorly paying jobs that cannot sustain the basic family needs. Apparently, lack of jobs and poor payment has resulted in poor living conditions for the indigenous people in Latin America. Most indigenous Latin Americans have no access to quality education. In addition, the existing education system does not reflect the cultural needs of the indigenous population. The cultural structure and beliefs face the danger of extinction. In fact, the future generation might not have the privilege to enjoy the rich indigenous culture and religious practices. Access to health facilities and services is a great challenge facing the indigenous people in Latin American (Gracey and King 67). The high poverty levels, ignorance, and discrimination have made access to good healthcare a challenge to the indigenous people. Many indigenous people die, and others fail to perform daily chores due to illnesses since they cannot access medication. Despite the challenges of education and job opportunities, the present condition of indigenous people Latin Americans are better than in the olden days. Posters and Leon 209, migration to the urban areas by some indigenous people can be applauded for opening new settlements in towns and enlightening the local people on economic matters. In addition, some people have been able to acquire quality education and have secured formal employment. The living standards of the indigenous Latin Americans have changed gradually over the years.

Problems Of EFL Speaking In Thailand

Problems Of EFL Speaking In Thailand Introduction This chapter provides introductory description regarding the pronunciation of English sound by Thais. It describes the problems of EFL speaking in Thailand, function of English in Thailand, and the teaching pronunciation in EFL curriculum in Thailand providing the content designed of communicative speaking skills. This is followed by significance of the study, the purpose of the study, research questions, scope and ending with limitations of the study. 1.1 Background to the study Problems of EFL Speaking in Thailand In line with the role of English as an international lingua franca, Thailand has taken several measures to incorporate English into its education system. For example, in 1995, the Thai government made English language study compulsory from primary school (Sedgwick, 2005). Based on my two-year English teaching experience at school, Narathiwat, Thailand, however, many Thai students still have problems using English, especially in the area of pronunciation. One of the reasons for this is the lack of exposure to English language use outside the classroom. Another could be due to the differences between the phonetic and phonological systems of English and their first language. Next, they all might be taught and emphasized only the rule of grammar and increasing their English vocabulary but might not be practiced English pronunciation properly. On the one hand, formal pronunciation instruction should not be neglected in all foreign language classrooms since pronunciation plays important ro les in communication which is the fundamental element of foreign language learning: as it has been claim from the most of Thai people that teachers should speak the target language during their foreign language class. Due to the lack of time on teaching English pronunciation in the classroom, Thai students have not been instructed in the area of pronunciation sufficiently. In Thailand, only the students doing bachelor degree in English field are aware of how the sound is produced correctly and of the English vowel sound both in terms of vowel quality and vowel length but not for others. Hence, some students are aware only of quantity differences of the vowels but never being realized of quality of the vowels. Moreover, some are not aware of both the quality and the quantity differences between each pair of the vowel sound. Previous studies on the English pronunciation of Thai speakers have found that they do not contrast vowel length (Chantachorn 2003). For instance, Thai speakers tend not distinguish between vowel pairs like /É ª/-/i/ and /ÊÅ  /-/uË /, resulting in words like ship and sheep, and fool and full being produced as homophones. However, most of the published studies on the production of English vowels by Thai speakers are impressionistic in nature, and hence, the current study aims to examine the production of English vowels by Thai speakers through acoustic analysis. It also aims to examine the extent to which the production of vowels is influenced by Thai vowels. Those problems of spoken English by Thai students are influenced by the following factors: functions of English, English language education, and teaching of English pronunciation. Functions of English in Thailand In Thailand, recently, the role of English is obviously important as it is used for international communication. New technology and World Wide Web have been developed rapidly resulting in a greater transition in education, business, tourism and economic affairs which all interrelate commanding high English proficiency. Thai government officials use English for international conference and communication. For example, ASEAN summit which is a meeting held by ASEAN in relation to economic growth, social progress and cultural development of Southeast Asian Nations. In the commercial part, English is used by entrepreneur, tourist agencies, hotels, airlines and even bank to communicate with foreigners, as well as business for import and export. Beside this, English is the most important for the tourist area in Thailand. For instances, Phuket island, Krabi and Phangna located in southern of Thailand are very popular among Westerners. Therefore, Thais who leave in tourist area need to communicate with them in English even sometimes they do not communicate effectively. This may be due to faulty pronunciations which lead to communication breakdown. Some researchers foreign friends have blamed that most of the Thai people cannot communicate well, especially for people who come from Deep South of Thailand which are Narathiwat, Pattani, and Yala provinces. This could be due to there are not so many foreigners come there and Deep South is not a tourist area. This also cause the students in the area do not have much motivation in learning English. Another group of English user is in mass media and publications. Some news channels and variety shows in Thai television program use English as a medium to perform their program. The examples of such programs are English breakfast program on TV Thai channel providing English knowledge together with entertainment such as idiom for everyday life, grammar as well as English pronunciation. Chris Delivery once famous English teaching program on channel TTB5 and English minutes a short program on channel 5. Furthermore, the Hollywood movies are played in the cinemas around Thailand with English sound track and Thai sub-title. However, most Thais prefer to watch the Hollywood movies playing Thai sound track to English one. Moreover, there are also News program using English as a medium played on channel MCOT. Thailand outlook channel is a 24 hours English language news channel broadcasted by ASTV (Asia Satellite television) which provide news and insight into Thai affairs that really matter and affect both Thai and foreign residents. The Nation and Bangkok Post are well known and widely read by foreigners and educated Thai readers all over Thailand. For the English magazines, Nation Junior and Student Weekly have been well-liked among Thai teenagers. Since English is a global language, Thai government has tried to get all mass media involved with English language in order to serve Thais and support them to learn English. Finally, English, therefore, works as a language for basic informal education in Thailand. Although English is not a medium of teaching in school level, it enables students to learn and understand differences of languages and cultures, customs and traditions, thinking, society, economy, politics and administration (Ministry of Education 2001). All in all, these functions reveal that Thailand has attempted to use English in many ways to make Thais get use to English language however these approaches only work on some Thai groups and some of Thais still not getting familiar with English perception and production skills which are listening, speaking , reading and writing. English language education in Thailand Learning foreign language serves an important and essential tool for communication, education, seeking knowledge, livelihood and creating understanding the culture and vision of the world community (Ministry of Education 2001). Although English is not only the foreign language in Thailand, clearly can be seen that English language still play a dominant role as it is mainly used to communicate to make a connection and cooperation between people around the world. English has been known as an international language and many Thai people have been getting involved with it for decades. Most of them implicate with English language used in their daily lives from many media such as text, television, radio and newspaper. The people who get into school, of course, they have known English language at the beginning of the first primary school level. As mentioned above that English language has been made as compulsory subject starting at primary school in 1995 in Thailand. However, the curriculum was revised once more in 1996 and English is now taught as a subject in Grade 1 to 12(Sarmah, Gogoi Wiltshire 2009). All students have to take English language as a compulsory subject every semester for primary and secondary school levels. This means that they have to take English course at least 9 credits for primary level and 12 credits for secondary level. In the upper secondary level, at least 6 credits are required for them (240 hours). Due to limited time as for 2 periods/hours a week, leading to limited lesson for pronunciation. Furthermore, six English courses are required for all learners in four -year curriculum at the undergraduate level (Chusanachoti 2009). These few English courses are only a little period of time exposed to English language use. The Thai Ministry of Education has encouraged several approaches in English course syllabus to enhance the intelligibility in English language used such as a learner-centered approach, communicative language approach as well as language for specific purpose. Within those approaches, the area of pronunciation has also been taught in terms of conversation and reading out loud. Nevertheless, the most of the contents still focus on reading and writing skill for examples reading comprehension, grammar and vocabulary. This could be primarily due to a difficulty in teaching pronunciation, especially at primary level and lower secondary level: students feel shy to express and utter an English sound making them not to cooperate with the activities provided. As a consequence, most of the teachers feel oppressed to teach pronunciation. At the primary school level (grade 1-6), students should be able to know the English Alphabet, to read a simple word aloud, to spell an easy vocabulary, to read simple conversation and story. However, the course syllabus has been focused very few on the pronunciation and reading out loud. Furthermore, in a period of secondary school, the fundamental English course requires the students to be able to listen, read, write and speak communicatively at the level of their own. For instances, at grade 6 level, they are requires to be able to communicate naturally in everyday life, to explain or tell a story of their own lives and history. But, as can be seen obviously that students still speak English poorly, even though they have studied English for 12 years (primary school-secondary school). This could be due to less attention on pronunciation lesson and a lack of exposure to English language used out side the class room. In addition, they tend to pay more attention on reading to be able to comprehend the content of the text and grammar in order to pass the final exam for all grade level students and to success in getting a high score from the national university entrance exam. Beside this, to emphasize on pronunciation and let students learn and know each sound correctly, teachers should instruct students to learn the relationship of each letters and its sound. This will not only help them in reading and spelling but also will master them in speaking. Moreover, teaching students to know how the sounds are produced will also support them to be aware of different sound and its characteristics. Teaching pronunciation in EFL curriculum in Thailand Pronunciation instruction has sometime been neglected in most EFL classroom. In another word, it is not given much more attention by the teacher in the classroom. In EFL curriculum in Thailand, spoken English has been played through these following main contents: language for communication, language and culture, language and relationship with other learning areas and language and relationship with community and the world (Ministry of education 2001). The Thai Ministry of Education has placed teaching pronunciation instruction to all school level at primary and secondary school. Generally at Grades 1-3, students are expected to be able to know and pronounce the English alphabet, words, phrases, and simple sentences simultaneously with observing the principle of pronunciation. The tasks focus on learning basic phonology system which involves specifying the letter sound and vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u), spelling the words correctly and reading some basic words and sentences out loud as well as getting students practice on producing initial and final consonant, rhythm and intonation. Besides, the students would be engaged in interpersonal communication by asking them to use short and simple word that they have heard. These include using requested words such as pleas do not make a noise and can you help me, please?. Moreover, Students grade one, two and three should be able to differentiate the consonance sound and speak common sentenc es in imitating a real situation in the classroom. At Grade 4-6 primary education level, students are trained to speak English through expressing their needs feeling and opinion. They also should be able to tell story about themselves, friends and family to others. The ability in using English to communicate in various situations is required for them. During secondary education, speaking activities in the EFL curriculum, students are required to be able to listen, speak, read and write appropriately with their own grades both at upper and lower levels. Generally at the lower secondary level, communicative speaking tasks are played through various speaking activities such as dialogue speaking, speaking for short conversation, speaking for giving the information around them and showing opinion about the matters around them in the current situation. Reading aloud is also emphasized by training students to read some story in text books, newspaper and some simple English poem out loud in front of the classroom. By these school levels, in fact, the practice on production of English vowel sound appears in the curriculum designed. For instance, students should be able to read all text out loud by observing the basic principle of pronunciation. This means they would discriminate the differences of English vowel sound in term of vowel lengt h. The emphasis of communicative speaking at the upper secondary level is on asking for information, accurately read out loud text, news, announcement, advertisement, skits and poem and having conversations to exchange some information, experience, opinion in current situation in Thailand and overseas. These activities will be done by having a role-play in the classroom. For example, divide students in a group and ask them to create some situation by imitating the real situation in day life. Some students play as news reporters and some play a short drama in front of their friend. As a matter of fact, although there are some contents on English pronunciation practice, the limited time as mentioned above is one of obstacles of practicing pronunciation. In addition, in the EFL context, Thai secondary students appear to use and give attention on English literacy skills of reading and writing rather than listening and oral skills (Bennui 2003). Significance of the Study An acoustic analysis of English vowels produced by Thai speakers will yield more reliable information on the characteristics of the vowels produced, in particular vowel quality and vowel length for monophthong vowels, and the former for diphthongs. Such information will enable comparisons with the acoustic characteristics of vowels in Thai, making it possible to compare the vowel systems of English and Thai, and henceforth to determine the influence of L1 on English. The findings on the extent to which Thai speakers can perceive English vowel contrast will help in the understanding of the relationship between perception and production of vowel contrast in English as it can be argued that if they are unable to perceive vowel contrast, they may not be able to produce the contrast. The information will also provide valuable insights to the area of pronunciation teaching in Thailand. The Purpose of the Study The current study is based on an instrumental analysis of English vowels produced by native speakers of Thai and investigates if there is any acoustic evidence of vowel contrast between vowels in Thai and English. It also aims to examine the extent to which the vowels produced by the Thai subjects share similar characteristics with a native and neighboring variety of English. The study also intents to examine the perception of English vowels by Thai speakers. In relation to these, the purpose of this study is to answer the following research questions: What are the acoustic properties of English vowels produced by Thai speakers? To what extent is there vowel contrast between traditional vowel pairs of /iË / /É ª/, /e/ /Ó†¢/, /ÊÅ   / /uË /, /ÊŒ/ /É‘Ë / and /É’/ /Ɇ:/? To what extent is the production of English vowels influenced by the speakers L1? To what extent do the vowels produced by Thai subjects share similar characteristics with British (BritE) and Malaysian English (MalE)? To what extent can Thai speakers perceive vowel contrast in English? The Scope and Limitations of the Study This work is limited to the acoustic properties of English monophthong and diphthongs as produced by 15 female students from one secondary school in one particular area of Thailand Narathiwat. Moreover, the data were collected by recording the subjects in word list and informal speech context. Thai speeches were recorded by 5 female subjects in order to enable comparison of Thai vowels with the English produced by the target subjects.

Greenhousing The Wrong Way :: essays research papers fc

Greenhousing the Wrong Way Exactly what is the "Greenhouse Effect?" The "Greenhouse Effect" is the common name given to global warming. The effect is named so due to its similarities to the function of a greenhouse. Heat from the sun is allowed into our atmosphere, and then bounces off of the Earth and heads back out to space. But now that we have a wall of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and CFC's, the sun's heat rays bounce back towards the Earth. The continuous burning of fossil fuels and the rain forests is causing excess amounts of carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide acts as the walls of a greenhouse that encompasses the whole world, trapping heat into the atmosphere. The thickening of the blanket is causing more heat to be trapped resulting in the warming of the earth. One great example of the Greenhouse Effect is the planet Venus. Venus's atmosphere had a thick layer of CO2, giving the planet's surface a temperature warm enough to melt lead. So What Does All This "Greenhouse" Stuff Have To Do With Me? As the temperatures rise, the waters get warmer and begin the melting process of the polar ice caps (Popular Science). Long term predictions of Global warming say that the melting of the polar ice caps will continue causing ocean waters to rise, resulting in massive coastal flooding of major cities such as Los Angeles and Miami. If the next century's warming stays at a low end of estimates, the consequences are likely to be mild. But if warming reaches the middle or top estimates, we are likely to see such things as more frequent and more intense heat waves, increased flooding, and droughts in different areas. Not to mention the 60,000,000 migrants that would be caused if only 1% of our future population had to seek higher ground. This many migrants would help to further our already crowded cities, and take more jobs and require health care. Diseases such as malaria and other insect borne ailments will have an expanded range if the tropics continue to warm. If conditions change faster than species can adapt, many, many, many animals will become extinct (World Book). So What Am I Supposed To About All These Man Made Disasters? Become knowledgeable about the subject of global warming. Recognize that global warming may worsen and prepare yourself and others for it. Greenhousing The Wrong Way :: essays research papers fc Greenhousing the Wrong Way Exactly what is the "Greenhouse Effect?" The "Greenhouse Effect" is the common name given to global warming. The effect is named so due to its similarities to the function of a greenhouse. Heat from the sun is allowed into our atmosphere, and then bounces off of the Earth and heads back out to space. But now that we have a wall of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and CFC's, the sun's heat rays bounce back towards the Earth. The continuous burning of fossil fuels and the rain forests is causing excess amounts of carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide acts as the walls of a greenhouse that encompasses the whole world, trapping heat into the atmosphere. The thickening of the blanket is causing more heat to be trapped resulting in the warming of the earth. One great example of the Greenhouse Effect is the planet Venus. Venus's atmosphere had a thick layer of CO2, giving the planet's surface a temperature warm enough to melt lead. So What Does All This "Greenhouse" Stuff Have To Do With Me? As the temperatures rise, the waters get warmer and begin the melting process of the polar ice caps (Popular Science). Long term predictions of Global warming say that the melting of the polar ice caps will continue causing ocean waters to rise, resulting in massive coastal flooding of major cities such as Los Angeles and Miami. If the next century's warming stays at a low end of estimates, the consequences are likely to be mild. But if warming reaches the middle or top estimates, we are likely to see such things as more frequent and more intense heat waves, increased flooding, and droughts in different areas. Not to mention the 60,000,000 migrants that would be caused if only 1% of our future population had to seek higher ground. This many migrants would help to further our already crowded cities, and take more jobs and require health care. Diseases such as malaria and other insect borne ailments will have an expanded range if the tropics continue to warm. If conditions change faster than species can adapt, many, many, many animals will become extinct (World Book). So What Am I Supposed To About All These Man Made Disasters? Become knowledgeable about the subject of global warming. Recognize that global warming may worsen and prepare yourself and others for it.

Shakespeare Movie vs Play

Shakespeare's Othello: Movie (Oliver parker 1995) Vs. Play Oliver parker's Othello came out in 1995 with Laurence Fishburne as Othello this is also the first time Othello was played by a coloured actor, Kenneth Branagh as Iago and Irene Jacob as Desdemona. Parker kept the original plot and language intact, however the movie seemed to give Othello life through visual and audio aids. Parker's Othello enables the viewer to associate on a personal level and compliments to the anticipation and imagination of those who have read the play before watching the movie.The audio although normally overpowered by the visual aspect played a key role in defining and empowering the movie. The music was fast and uplifting during celebration and on the eve of Othello's victory against the turks however the music changed to slow and haunting during Iago's monologues, Othello's lascivious and crazed thought of Cassio and Desdemona and scenes involving death. Audio plays key role in foreshadowing and indi cation, whenever Iago speaks of his plans the music starts of in piano or mezzo piano and slowly crescendos as is heard when Iago repeats â€Å"i hate the moor,† the music becomes increasingly passionate and strong.Iago's pronunciation and stress of each his words during his soliloquies were indicators of coming events. Iago's words were soft and soothing when he was â€Å"pouring pestilence† and they became loud and strong when a key scene would be approaching. Iago's soft speech was a way of showing his sincerity to Othello but also as a way of safe guarding his real intentions, this is can be seen when Iago first reveals to Othello that Desdemona is being unfaithful. The most captivating usage of music in the movie was the song Desdemona sings in the bath to Emilia â€Å"Willow, Willow,† on the night of her death.The song foreshadows the death of the person of sings it. It predicted the death of Desdemona's mother's maid and it does the same for her and Emili a. The visual aid in the movie played a large role in aiding the viewers imagination and also filling in blanks that the play could not. Some of the best visuals in Parker's movie adaptation of Othello were not in the script, the black and white chess pieces, water, wedding, sea burial, the dagger, and the glimpses of Cassio and Desdemona together.The chess pieces seem to symbolise Iago's plan to destroy Othello and Desdemona and also the sea burial later in the movie. Oliver used a lot of fire and water images throughout the movie, water seemed to represent ill fate, water foreshadows death or something bad. Desdemona was in the bath the night she was killed and Othello even washed is hands and face before he killed Desdemona. The fire and light in Oliver's movie seemed to represent safety and warmth, When Othello is about to kill Desdemona he blows out the candle. The candle represents Desdemona and how her time to live is coming to an end.Oliver plays with light through the backg round, Scenes which involve Desdemona are bright and lit up until her death and scenes which involve Iago are dark and lack brightness. Othello's clothes were indicators to his own personal change in the beginning he would wear white and clothes different to the others but towards the end the clothes he was wearing were black. These colours reflect the moor's mood at different times of the play. The movie however had some weak points that pulled it away from shakespeare's original intent with the script. There was a lot more emphasis on sexuality in the movie than Shakespeare's play intended.There is also questions about Iago's sexuality and true intents in one fleeting moment in Parker's Othello; Iago breaks down crying when him and Othello make a blood pact. Iago's breakdown comes as a surprise and throws the viewer off guard to much towards the end distorting Iago's reasoning for plotting against the Moor. Overall Parker did a good job with the movie he managed to maintain locati on and time period of Shakespeare's original, it allows us to get a clearer more defined picture of Othello. The dialogue and settings are kept as authentic as possible.

Japanese Clothing and Fashion essays

Japanese Clothing and Fashion essays Traditional clothing of the Edo period, (1600-1868), included the kimono and obi as we know them today. The obi did not, however, become a prominent part of a womans ensemble until the mid Edo period. It was then that designers, weavers and dyers all focused their talent on creating a longer, wider and more elaborate obi. Obi measurement was then standardised to 360cm long by 30cm wide. Edo fashion was influenced by the design and style that courtesans and entertainers wear. Women of the samurai class continued to wear the simpler kosode kimono, tied together with an obi made of braided cords. Outside the samurai class, women experimented with a more elaborate kimono - the furisode, which is often seen on the Kabuki stage. Characterised by long, flowing sleeves, the furisode kimono was accented by a large, loosely tied obi. For many years, the obi bow was tied either at the front or on the side. By the mid-Edo period, the obi bow was tied in the back position. It was said that this style started in the mid-1700s when a Kabuki actor, imitating a young girl, came on stage with his obi tied in the back. Another reason that the back position became more acceptable was that the sheer bulk of the wider obi became too cumbersome to be positioned in the front of the kimono. The Meiji era, (1868-1912) witnessed a revolution in the textile industry with the advent of electric weaving looms and chemical dying techniques from the West. During this time, a woman's kimono ceased to be worn in the free-flowing style of the earlier days. The new fashion was to tuck the kimono at the waist to adjust the length of the kimono to the woman's height. These tucks and folds were visible and became part of the art of tying the obi. The vast majority of obi produced in Japan today comes from a district in Kyoto known as Nishijin. Nishijin has been the centre of the Japanese textile industry since the 15th century. Nishijin is renowned for it...

Osmosis Lab Report Essays

Osmosis Lab Report Essays Osmosis Lab Report Paper Osmosis Lab Report Paper I then compared the three volume measurements and provided observation. The ext experiment was to determine the effects of salt concentration on bacterial growth. The tubes of broth were labeled as directed and antiseptically inoculated with the appropriate organism, and incubated for 24-rash. After incubation I observed the tubes for the presence or absence of growth. Methods 1. Start with a graduated beaker, or some other container marked at known volume levels. Fill the beaker or measuring cup to 200 ml with water. . Set that measuring device aside for later. 3. Then get a cup and place the raw egg in the cup and fill it with vinegar until the egg is covered. Let sit in vinegar for 24 hrs. . After soaking for 24 hrs remove the egg and rinse with water to remove any remainder of the egg shell. 5. Place egg in the designated cup with water and measure volume. 6. Record the starting volume of the egg (final volume)-(starting volume)=egg volume. 7. Then place t he egg in another cup and fill it with corn syrup until egg is covered. Let sit for 24 hrs. 8. After soaking for 24 hrs remove the egg and rinse with water. 9. Place egg in the designated cup with water in it and measure volume and record volume. 10. Then place the egg in another cup and fill with water until egg is covered. Let it for 24 hrs. 11. After soaking remove the egg and place in the designated cup with water and measure and record volume 12. Compare the three volume measurements. Results The vinegar resolved the shell of the egg and some of the vinegar when into the egg by osmosis. The egg was bigger and really slimy and had no shell. Egg volume results: (IF) 200 (SF) 185 = 15 The egg has shrunk in the corn syrup, it looked like it was deflated and you could see the yolk. Egg volume results: (IF) 237-(SF) 200= 37 The egg got much bigger when placed into the water, the membrane went from very loose to really tight. It looked like it was back to the size it was before it was placed in the corn syrup. Egg volume results: (IF) 112-(SF) 200= 88 Interpretation The vinegar was a hypotonic solution and the egg was hypersonic solution. Lack of water will lead to a plant wilting and possibly dying. When a cell is in a hypotonic solution (more solute concentration than the cell), eater will move from the hypersonic solution (less concentrated) to the hypotonic solution via the process of osmosis. In this experiment, the movement of water in and out of potato cells left in sodium chloride solution will be investigated. The sodium chloride molecule is too large to be passively transported across the cell membrane, so only net movement of water will happen without any input of energy.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Discussion - Essay Example If a family still chooses that their own child needs to work in order for the family to go on, then 13 or 14 is an age where in other countries children have never reached, therefore it will be sort of an accomplishment. Education for All (EFA) was launched in Thailand in 1990 and 10 years later 176 countries were ready to gather to see and compare improves to revise and adjust for the better and for the future. A lot of countries have made it a priority to put education first, and we just need all countries as time goes on to do the same. Yes, I agree with this view. Educated children have better understanding and knowledge about their surroundings, wellbeing and awareness. Children at the age of 13- 14 years are quite aware, they can read and write and can understand the situation and therefore it is the need of time for the developing nations to march ahead and make education essential for the betterment of the children, the future citizens. I think all countries should insist on all children being in school at least to the high school level. Why education is important is due to the possibility of a career change later in life. For those who don’t hold a high school diploma or specialization, the options for a career change are often limited. I understand in most countries they would rather their child to work instead of school, but here in America there are people that work and go to school. Children are directed for education for career that is true and better degrees often provide a better job prospects. If a person has a diploma or a specialization then his/ her chances to procure a job will always be bright as compared to the one who left the school and has started working. No doubt the one who has started working earlier has more experience as a time factor but is not technically sound as compared to the one who possess the qualification. It is therefore

Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Economics - Assignment Example With customs preference agreement, countries that sign the agreement are assured of preferential customs levels unlike countries that are not part of the agreement. Under an economic union, economic policies are integrated for member countries. This means that members of an economic union enjoy the same trade policies as well as unified economic regulations and policies. A common market takes a customs union a step further to account for eliminated barriers when it comes to the movement of factors of production. Finally, political integration combines most or all of the above discussed trade agreements. Jagdish Bhagwati supports free trade agreements and subsequently connects them to the welfare of the society. He argues that free trade agreements translate to better living standards unlike trade barriers, restrictions, or sanctions. Moreover, Jagdish Bhagwati contends that social and environmental issues are better addressed through free trade agreements. In other words, Jagdish Bhagwati supports the concept and practice of free trade agreements in almost every aspect of the contemporary global

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Media - Essay Example To emphasize this theme of darkness from the beginning, Conrad’s narration took place in the Thames tidal estuary. Marlow recounted that London in ancient times was itself a dark place from the point of view of the Romans. This theme of darkness lurking beneath the surface would appear often as Conrad described the character of Kurtz and through his narrator with his passing sense of understanding with the Africans. In a paragraph, for instance, Marlow said: I tried to break the spell [Marlow says] – the heavy, mute spell of the wilderness – that seemed to draw him to its pitiless breast by the awakening of forgotten and brutal instincts, by the memory of gratified and monstrous passions. This alone I was convinced, had driven him out of the edge of the forest, to the bush, toward the gleam of fires, the throb of drums, the drone of weird incantations†¦ He had kicked himself loose of the earth†¦ His soul was mad. (p. 183) The darkness theme can also be found in other themes in the novella such as the naivetà © of Europeans regarding the various forms of darkness in Congo, the European colonialists’ abuse and exploitation of the Africans and the human nature’s tendency of duplicity. The Heart of Darkness has at least 10 film or television adaptations after its publication.. A problem in regard to adapting this work of fiction is how to translate the first person narrative first, in the radio adaption; and, second, in film adaptations later on. Marguerite Rippy cited the approach of substituting the eye of the camera for â€Å"I† of Conrad’s narrator. (p. 30) Here, the camera would become Marlow, whose voice would be heard offscreen. This has been implemented in Orson Welles’ adaptation of the novella. He successfully adapted the material in 1938 and that he was eager to reproduce the material on film. Film adaptations of the Heart of Darkness have focused on different interpretations. For example,

Glass beaker Essay Example for Free

Glass beaker Essay Our experiment will be repeated three times, and we will use the same stopwatch. We will place the candle onto the safety mat and light it. Carefully, one of us will cover the lit candle with the beaker, whilst the other shall start the stopwatch. As soon as the candle goes out the stopwatch shall be stopped, measured and the result will be recorded into the results table. This shall be repeated two more times for the same beaker and the results will also be recorded into the results table. We will carry out this method four more times for the measured beakers, and then we will do the same with the Gas Jar. The difference in method between the Gas Jar and the other beakers is that we know the volumes of the other beakers, but the volume of the Gas Jar is unknown. For the Gas Jar, we will put a candle onto a safety mat, light it, and then cover it with the Gas Jar. We will start the stopwatch and record how many seconds the candle is lit for. As soon as the candle goes out, the stopwatch will be stopped. We will record the amount of time the candle is lit for, into the results table. Then I will find the average result of the three tests for each beaker. I will find this by using this formula. This average will then be recorded into my results table. Then I will draw my graph. On my graph, the seconds will be on the y axis and the volumes of the beakers will be on the x axis. I will plot all of my results onto my graph and measure a line of best fit. On the line of best fit will be all of the approximate results of the seconds the candle is lit for, for all volumes of beakers. To find the volume of the gas jar, I will plot the time that the candle was lit for on the line of best fit. Then I will follow my finger from the line, horizontally, to the y axis, and see what the approximate volume of the Gas Jar is. Results TIME CANDLE IS LIT FOR (s) Volume of Glass Beaker (cm 3) Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 AVERAGEAnalysis From my results I have found out the Gas Jar has an approximate volume of 200 cm cubed. I conclude that it is possible to find out the volume of a beaker when all you know is how long a candle burns for when it is placed underneath. The graph proves my prediction to be correct. I said that the larger the beaker, the longer the candle will burn for, which would then give my graph a positive correlation. This is what happened. When the size of the beaker went up, so did the amount of time the candle beneath it. There was a relationship between the variables I was measuring The larger the Beaker, the longer the candle will burn for. I proved that there is more oxygen in a large beaker than a small beaker, as the small beakers candle did not stay lit for as long as a larger beakers candle. Evaluation I have achieved the aim that I wrote at the beginning of my experiment. I have found out whether it is the candle or the size of the beaker that determines how long the candle burns for. I have also found out that you can determine the volume of a gas jar, just by timing how long the candle burns for when placed underneath. My plan was quite good. I have achieved all that I wanted to achieve, and found out all that I wanted to find out. I have gained everything from my experiment that I had aimed to gain, and without any problems. I dont think that I could have changed anything to make it better, except to maybe do more tests to get my average from, because they will, of course, be more accurate. I didnt change anything to make anything work better, it already worked perfectly fine. My results were very good, all of my results were consistent as they were quite close to each other. Also they followed my prediction perfectly, I had no problems. From my results I have calculated that the Gas Jar had an approximate volume of 200 cm cubed. The actual volume of the gas jar is 210 cm cubed. This result is extremely close to my approximation, which means that my results were very accurate. I also believe that my experiment was a very fair test, we followed our method exactly and had no reason to change anything. I think that my results were pretty reliable. There was an obvious line of best fit in which many of the results fitted in with. I did have one anomalous reading though, but it was not far off track. An Anomalous reading is a reading that didnt follow the same pattern as the others. This might have occurred because of a number of reasons. For example, We couldve made an error in taking measurements or we might not have filled up the gaps in the beaker enough etc. I think, that by carrying out a further experiment, we would extend our knowledge by changing the experiment a little, by maybe changing a different variable or by having more tests. Either way, we would learn a lot more on this specific subject. Katrina Farrant 10HA Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

The Promise of Sociology Essays -- C. Wright Mills Sociological Imagin

According to C. Wright Mills, what occurs in any one individual's life is interrelated with society as a whole. The sociological imagination gives us the ability to understand the correlation of one's biography, history, and traditions along with the knowledge of the social and historical impact and/or influence society may have on that person or group of people. Mills' notion compels us to investigate into an individual's biography and lifestyles, and place their findings within the surrounding circumstances in which events occur in order to perceive the whole picture of the society in which the individual lives. Mills says to understand this "imagination" would be to see the connection between personal troubles and public issues. Personal troubles meaning, problems that are felt personally which are caused by occurrences or feelings in an individual's life; and public issues meaning, issues that affect a group or mass of people with their roots interwoven within an organization or institution and history of a society. A person can become homeless for many reasons: a family member throws them out of their home because they do not contribute financially, or they become incapable of caring for themselves due to mental illness, or they become addicted to drugs and lose their home trying to support their habit. These are a few examples of personal troubles which most would think are brought about by the individual alone and therefore can be solved by them. But, when using sociological imagination, one can see that homelessness is also a social problem. Unemployment rates are high and public assistances rates being low could leave a person unable to sufficiently contribute financially, therefore being forced to leave... ...ety in this period?." Whereas, taking into consideration the interaction between individuals and their societies, sociology sees where people and groups of people are products of whole societies in which they live. In studying Mills however briefly, I am beginning to see where my life and the lives of others are interrelated with biography, history, and traditions. We are all just a part of a whole, which is now beginning to make a great deal of sense to me. I am beginning to ask questions in order to understand clearly what shapes our lives. It seems to me Mills gave sociologists a format to open the doors to a better understanding of the whole picture. As Mills indicated, humans have the capacity to change the social structures around them; I believe seeking knowledge gives one the wisdom to change and make changes which in turn affects us all.

A Critical Discussion of Blaise Pascals The Wager Essay -- Pascal Go

A Critical Discussion of Blaise Pascal's The Wager   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the gambling world bets are made based on odds, the probability or likelihood that something would happen. In the court of law, cases are decided upon by the weight of evidence presented by the respective parties. The common link between these general scenarios is that decisions are made based on some outside evidential factor. The more probable something is likely to happen, or the more evidence presented in favor or opposed to something, the greater the tendency that a decision will coincide with that probability or evidence. This kind of logic has also been used when arguing about the existence of God. It has been argued that God’s existence is necessary based on the logic that it is neither contingent not impossible and therefore must exist; it has also been argued that the presence of evil in the world is evidence enough that God, or at least God as we make Him out to be, does not exist. The decisions that people a make about their personal relationship with the being that has been dubbed â€Å"God† is usually based on this kind of criteria. But what if someone were to make a decision concerning God’s existence without having any evidence to sway us, how would that someone choose? This problem is addressed by Blaise Pascal in his essay entitled The Wager. Pascal argues that the only rational choice to make about the existence of God with no evidence would be to believe that He does. The following pages of this essay will be a critical analysis and also critique of Pascal’s argument, for it is the argument of the author of this paper that a sincere decision would be impossible under these circumstances and without evidence we would not be able to make a rational choice concerning the issue of God’s existence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the discussion is started let me first clarify some terminology is order to make my argument more clear. In my thesis statement I offered the premise that when given to the criteria put forth by Pascal that a sincere decision about belief in God would be impossible. By sincere decision I mean a decision that you can evaluate and reevaluate against anything that claims the opposite and still be able to hold to it. If you have a belief based on a decision that stems from no evidence then you have nothing to evaluate it by, so that belief cannot be sincere, it is merely a blind ch... ... of someone else. If you choose to change your actions, you will only change in a way that still lets you hold to your belief, a belief that has shown to be beneficial based on evidence not on some yet to be seen reward.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To close this paper and stop the what could be a continuous rant against Pascal, it is pretty obvious that the issue of God, his existence, and whether or not we should believe will forever be a perennial issue. Pascal, Aquinas, James, or even myself can write essays until we run out of paper and printer ink, but the only thing that would accomplish is further add to the already ample confusion and conflict on this issue. Although Pascal offers a very simple reason of why we should believe in God, it is all to simple. And while I offer nothing but criticisms for his argument, I cannot myself offer a more sound argument that would less susceptible to the same kinds of criticisms I just wrote concerning The Wager. Works Cited 1. Pascal, Blaise. â€Å"The Wager: Philosophy of Religion Selected Readings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oxford University Press, 1996: New York, New York. 2. Holy Bible. Book of James Chapter 1, Verse 12; First Corinthians Chapter 10   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Verse 13.

Media Is Playing a Constructive Role to the Society. Discuss Essay

Because of the extremely fast development of modern technology, people’s living condition has been changed entirely throughout the past decade. Instead of focusing on the material goods such as food and garments, we tend to strive for mental enjoyment; therefore, media has become an essential part of our daily life. When it comes to this issue, perspectives, apparently, may vary from individual to individual. Many people hold the opinion that media is positive to the society because of the large amount of information it brings to us. However, as far as I am concerned, Media is destructive to the society because of its negative influence, too much freedom, and over expose. My reasons are as follow. It is always top of my arguments that media is having the tendency of spreading negative influence towards the teenagers and young adults. For example, Hollywood produces thousands of movies every year, with the fact that more than half of them have the content of sex and violence. This will cause the effect that more than half of the movies that this generation watch is about the negative content, which can influence them toward these kinds of manner also. Apart from this, they may also have the possibility of using them in the real life. For instance, there are always scenes of smoking in the movies. Whenever they see these, they will have a desire of trying by them. Thus, Media is being extremely destructive to the society and human beings. Another equally essential factor, which brings about people’s attention, is that Media is giving too much freedom to the users so that they tend to abuse it negatively. Recently, there was an online fight between all the netizens and Facebook users towards the Muslim race. Instead of having Internet harmony, the netizens choose to post and write something against social harmony, which can also cause the disagreement towards some certain issues that should have been solved quietly and easily. Only if the Internet is banned can this these kinds of fight and argument be eliminated; therefore, media is not having constructive effect on the modern society  which indicates that media is playing a destructive role on it. However, many people hold the opinion that media has provided us with an open platform to get to know and understand the information all around the world. They consider that media is the only material that motivate and stimulate the process of modernization and globalization. Instead of a negative influence towards the society, the media is playing a positive and constructive role and it makes our society progressing in a positive manner. However, in my opinion, although media may have these advantages mentioned above, they are just the byproduct of the negative effect that media brought to us. As far as I am concerned, whenever media is connecting everyone closer and closer, it also produces a high chance of loosing personal privacy. As long as there is information on Internet, there will also be rumors and leaking of personal information. Media is giving out our own property instead of protecting us. Judging from this, media is playing a destructive role instead of affecting our so ciety positively. In conclusion, based on the evidence mentioned above, I personally consider that media is playing a destructive role in the society because it has brought about negative behaviors that may be copied by the teenagers and young adults, and it has created too much freedom and uncertainty for the media users to carryout unacceptable or illegal activities and programs.

Qué es e-verify y cómo afecta el trabajo de inmigrantes

Quà © es e-verify y cà ³mo afecta el trabajo de inmigrantes El programa  e-verify es una herramienta gratuita en Internet del Gobierno federal que permite a empresas y empleadores individuales verificar, en el momento de una nueva contratacià ³n, si la persona que pretenden  emplear est autorizada para trabajar legalmente en Estados Unidos. E-verify utiliza la informacià ³n sobre el potencial empleado que cada empresa registra  en la planilla que se conoce como I-9 y que el empleador introduce en el programa para compararla con informacià ³n de las bases de datos del Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y de la Administracià ³n de la Seguridad Social. En apenas unos segundos se obtiene la respuesta confirmando que el potencial trabajador est autorizado o, por el contrario, que no lo est. La respuesta negativa se seà ±ala con una nota conocida como no confirmacià ³n tentativa (TNC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y que equivale a una no autorizacià ³n. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre el funcionamiento de este programa, quà © empresas estn obligadas a utilizarlo, quà © hacer cuando e-verify no confirma que una persona est autorizada para trabajar y, finalmente, cà ³mo cualquier persona puede comprobar quà © informacià ³n tiene  este programa sobre ella. Cà ³mo funciona e-verify Las empresas o los empleadores individuales pueden darse de alta y registrarse gratuitamente en la pgina oficial del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Necesitan tener a mano el EIN, que es el nà ºmero federal que identifica a la empresa o al empresario. La pgina de inscripcià ³n  brinda cuatro formas de acceso, que dependen de las circunstancias de la empresa. Es importante seguir las instrucciones y darse de alta en la opcià ³n correcta. Precisamente porque puede ser confuso,  muchas empresas prefieren utilizar los servicios de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as privadas que actà ºan como agentes de e-verify. En todo caso, las empresas deben firmar electrà ³nicamente un contrato que se conoce por las iniciales de MOU (Memorndum de Entendimiento, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y que regula el uso que se puede hacer de e-verify. Por à ºltimo, cabe destacar que e-verify solamente se puede utilizar para verificar informacià ³n sobre nuevos empleados,  nunca sobre personas que ya estn trabajando para una empresa. Quà © empresas estn obligadas a utilizar e-verify En este punto la respuesta no es fcil ni à ºnica, ya que la obligatoriedad o no de e-verify est regulada por leyes federales y estatales, lo cual tiene como una de sus consecuencias que se producen enormes diferencias entre estados. En todo caso, en la actualidad ms de un millà ³n de empresas utilizan este programa. En primer lugar,  todas las empresas pueden libre y gratuitamente utilizar el servicio de e-verify, si asà ­ lo desean, para asegurarse de que todos los empleados que contratan tienen papeles para trabajar legalmente en Estados Unidos. Esto aplica a los 50 estados de la Unià ³n y tambià ©n a sus territorios, como por ejemplo Puerto Rico, aunque en este punto hay excepciones, como el caso de la Samoa americana. En cuanto a la obligacià ³n de registrarse y utilizar e-verify de acuerdo a las leyes federales, aplican varios supuestos, siendo el ms comà ºn  el que afecta a las empresas que contratan con el gobierno federal o alguna de sus agencias. En este caso, la regla general es que todas las empresas estn obligadas, a menos que aplique algunas de las excepciones, como es el caso de que el contrato entre el gobierno y la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a se extienda por menos de 120 dà ­as, o el monto de la obra o servicio sea inferior a $150.000 o que el trabajo se desarrolle en su totalidad fuera de los Estados Unidos. Asimismo, esa regla aplica en los casos de subcontrataciones y empresas afiliadas, si bien la ley permite excepciones. Pero adems existen otras reglas federales menos conocidas que  tambià ©n imponen el obligado cumplimiento de este programa. Por ejemplo, es imperativo registrase y utilizar e-verify cuando se contrata a estudiantes internacionales con visa F-1 para el programa OPT en su modalidad de extensià ³n para carreras STEM (Ciencias, Tecnologà ­a, Ingenierà ­a y Matemticas, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). En cuanto a los estados, se producen situaciones extremadamente diversas que van desde la prohibicià ³n de utilizar e-verify a nivel estatal a la obligatoriedad de utilizarlo para agencias y contratistas de los gobiernos estatales y locales, y tambià ©n para la mayorà ­a de empresas privadas, incluso en el caso de que carezcan de  relacià ³n de negocios con las administraciones pà ºblicas. Debido a la gran variedad legislativa se recomienda verificar la ley que aplica en cada estado. Este artà ­culo se limita a mencionar la situacià ³n en los siete  estados con ms poblacià ³n inmigrante y en cuyos territorios residen el 70 por ciento de los migrantes presentes en la actualidad en Estados Unidos.   Asà ­, en aplicacià ³n de la Ley de Aceleracià ³n del Empleo de 2011, en California est prohibido que las agencias estatales, las ciudades o los condados exijan a las empresas privadas el uso de e-verify. Adems, desde 2016 las empresas que utilicen e-verify pueden ser multadas con un mximo de $10.000 si utilizan la informacià ³n obtenida a travà ©s de ese sistema para una finalidad distinta a la de verificar autorizacià ³n para trabajar de una persona. En Florida, en aplicacià ³n de la Orden Ejecutiva 11-02, estn obligados a utilizar e-verify todas las empresas que presten servicios o vendan productos a agencias estatales. En Illinois la ley HB1743 permite el uso de e-verify por parte de empresas privadas pero penaliza el mal uso de la informacià ³n obtenida. Adems, la ley SB11 prohibe a agencias estatales o locales exigir el empleo de e-verify. En Nueva Jersey y en Nueva York no existen leyes ni à ³rdenes ejecutivas regulando el empleo de e-verify, por lo tanto su aplicacià ³n a nivel estatal es voluntario. En Pennsylvania, la ley SB625 requiere el uso de e-verify para todos los contratistas y subcontratistas de obras pà ºblicas por un importe superior a $25.000. En Texas, por orden ejecutiva RP-80, estn obligados a utilizar e-verify las agencias estatales y los contratistas con el estado. Adems, en aplicacià ³n de la ley SB374 las instituciones de educacià ³n superior, como por ejemplo universidades, estn obligadas a usar este sistema. Quà © hacer si e-verify emite una no confirmacià ³n tentativa (TNC) El sistema puede fallar por  contener informacià ³n errà ³nea o no actualizada. Es por ello que, ante  esa situacià ³n, el empleado tiene dos opciones. En primer lugar, aceptar la negativa, en cuyo caso el empleador dar por terminada la relacià ³n entre ambas partes. Pero, en segundo lugar, puede apelar esa decisià ³n del sistema e-verify. En este caso el empleador no puede posponer el inicio del trabajo o del entrenamiento, ni tampoco puede suspenderlo o aplazarlo si ya ha comenzado. Adems, el empleado debe contactar o bien con  el DHS o bien con la Administracià ³n de la Seguridad Social. La opcià ³n depende de lo que diga el sistema de e-verify cuando notifica la negativa. Si se debe contactar con el DHS,  el telà ©fono para marcar es el  888-897-7781  y debe hacerse dentro de los ocho dà ­as laborales siguientes a la decisià ³n de no confirmacià ³n tentativa. Deben tenerse a mano todos los datos generados por la TNC, como por ejemplo el nà ºmero de caso. Adems, debe esperarse preguntas relacionadas con cambios de estatus migratorios y las fechas en los que tuvieron lugar. Por el contrario, si se debe contactar la Administracià ³n de la Seguridad Social,  en ese caso se tiene que acudir en persona  a una de las oficinas locales dentro de los ocho dà ­as laborales siguientes a recibir la TNC. Entre los documentos que deben llevarse destacan la notificacià ³n de la no confirmacià ³n tentativa, una identificacià ³n  que muestre nombre, apellidos y edad, acreditacià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a americana, si se tiene, o de la tarjeta de residencia permanente, si ese es el caso. E-verify self-check Cualquier persona mayor de 16 aà ±os puede utilizar e-verify para comprobar  si, segà ºn las bases de datos del gobierno federal, est autorizado para trabajar en Estados Unidos. Esta opcià ³n, que se conoce popularmente como self-check y est disponible en espaà ±ol, permite corregir posibles errores que puedan aparecer en ese programa antes de solicitar empleo en una empresa por primera vez.   Documentos que permiten trabajar legalmente en Estados Unidos Para finalizar, recuerda  que los documentos que permiten acreditar que se est autorizado para trabajar son cualquiera de los siguientes: Los que prueben la ciudadanà ­a estadounidenseLa tarjeta de residencia permanente, conocida tambià ©n como green cardEl permiso de trabajo (EAD, por sus siglas en inglà ©s)Una visa vigente de trabajo o de intercambio, en estos dos à ºltimos casos respetando siempre las condiciones especà ­ficas de cada visa. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.